http://www.mitbbs.com/article_t/JobHunting/31738425.html
关于在美国找工作的一些体会
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发信人: stoneren (酸菜鱼), 信区: JobHunting
标 题: 关于在美国找工作的一些体会
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Fri Nov 19 11:05:58 2010, 美东)
半年前写的，贴在学校的Chinese Friendship Association里。陆陆续续地得到一些反
馈，总的还不错，所以斗胆在这里贴出来，希望对版里找工作的朋友们有些帮助。
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关于在美国找工作的一些体会
毕业离开学校已经3年多了，其实自打毕业后就一直想写一些找工作的体会和大家分享
，但是想法毕竟是想法，至于落实还是一拖再拖。一来自己老是试图找到一些偷懒的借
口，二来也总觉得自己好像还没静静思考而理出一个很好的头绪，深恐胡言乱语，最后
倒搞得弄巧成拙，误人子弟。
但是俗话说世事难料。过去几天，短短数日，恰逢职业生涯一落一起，虽谈不上是什么
大风大浪，过程上也没有什么大喜大悲，但是左右相顾，放眼所及，尽是同僚惶惶，不
禁颇有感触，当年找工作的那番辛苦历历在目。于是下定决心，抱着被狗血喷头的危险
在此涂鸦一把。
本文所提到的看法大都是在下的个人体会，因此对他人来说，不见得就能包治百病，所
以看客自己拿捏分寸。而此文也只当抛砖引玉罢了。
言归正传，谈谈找工作。
先讲讲我的经历。我07年商学院毕业，夫人是读工程的，也在同年找工作。北方的job
market对她的专业来说不够好，所以当南方H市有几个面试的时候，我就陪她一起南下
。当时计划是她面试完即刻回去等消息，而我准备在这个南部城市再多逗留两周，
networking。因此在南下之前，我稍做了些准备。
第一， 我去了商学院和Alumni Association找到所有该市校友的联系方式，包括当
地校友会的主席；
第二， 我给当地校友会主席写信，告知我打算在H市找工作，希望她能提供一些帮
助；
第三， 我将所有收集到的校友联系方式做了筛选，挑出和我背景相似的大约30人的
名单，然后一一写信，告诉他们我是从母校毕业的校友，会在下面的一两周时间到该市
，希望他们在百忙之中能抽时间和我吃顿饭或喝杯咖啡，一起聊聊天。之前，这30个人
我一个都不认识，而且他们基本都是本校 undergraduate。之所以我大胆一试，关键在
于我知道本校的Alumni Network在全美都很有名。最后，在我登机南下之前，我已经约
到16个校友同意和我面谈，而两周的时间被排的满满的。
之后的事情发展得挺顺利，夫人面试后几天就成功拿到数个不错的offers，于是我们毕
业南下基本上已成定局。于是在之后和校友的面谈时，我的目的性就比较强了。告知夫
人已经拿到H市公司的offer，所以自己肯定会在H市找工作，介绍一下自己的背景和想
法，从对方那里了解一下该市的机会和对方公司的机会，请校友一旦发现有合适的机会
能通知我一下，顺便要了对方比较详细的联系方式。一晃两周时间很快过去，在我离开
该市回本校前，我给每位和我面谈过的校友寄了一件当年本校的The Shirt作为感谢，
没想到本校那帮老校友倒是很看重这个东西，每每回信都会提起这个。虽然两周时间没
有找到任何工作，但是我至少在这些和我面谈过的校友脑中留下一些痕迹，目的算是达
到了。
回到学校后，我一直比较关注来自H市的job opening。但凡看到哪个公司的opening能
和自己背景沾上边的，先看是否有校友在该公司，如果有，网上先递了再说。然后找到
该公司的校友发信过去，告知我递了那个position，job ID是多少，顺便附上resume，
希望他/她能帮我向相关人员推荐一下，云云。如此不过3、4次，终于恰逢一个校友念
熟招人部门的director，和他一推荐，便给了interview，很快拿到offer。事后从同事
那里得知，当时我那director手上有不下200份简历，而他根本没时间去一一细看，只
挑了5份内部人推荐的，面试了2个，而我由于背景接近，幸运地拿到这第一份工作。我
之所以把300-5-2-1这些数据拿出来晒晒，全没有炫耀的意思。
我想告诉你的是，我不觉得我自己肯定就比那200多人强，至少当时我没有在这个
industry的任何工作经历，但是我之所以最后十分幸运，应该说是network帮了我99%的
忙。
找到一份好工作，或者求其次，找到一份工作，不外乎几个基本条件：job opening,
competitor, capability, resume and network。我07年毕业后至今已经换过几次工作
，而我的经历告诉我这些基本条件中，“network”是最至关重要的。
Network说白了，就是人际关系。
通常，我们一提“关系”，很多人就比较过敏，觉得凭关系似乎为人不齿，总觉得自己
顶天立地，唯我独尊，好像凭关系找到工作就不是靠自己，而是依靠别人，更有甚者，
认为托关系找工作会让人笑话，所以宁可日日不工作，也不愿意放下身段，开尊口去请
别人帮忙找工作。我不想在这个问题上浪费时间去解释，只想提醒看客，如果你的目的
是要尽快找到一份合适的工作，只要你不偷不抢，不用违法丧德的方式争取，大可不必
纠缠“关系”这个名称。你有capability不见得别人就知道；市场上有些合适你的job
opening其实仅仅在公司内部流通，而你就不晓得在哪；你的简历美轮美奂，可是好的
recruiter就是看不到。为什么？因为你没有合适的network去帮助你。
其实network相比其他的找工作基本条件要来的重要不仅仅在于其效果明显，更在于其
是一个积累的过程，所以有时比较漫长，需要耐心，但是network一旦有小成，收获就
会紧跟而来。
Network里可以包括你的家人，导师，朋友，师兄弟姐妹，alumni，colleagues，
peers8， etc. 我在介绍个人找第一份工作时已经提到了几个networking的sources，
在这里我把我能想到的列一下:
1. 学校的Alumni Association
2. 自己department的Alumni Network
3. 当地的Alumni Network
4. 工作过的单位Alumni Network
5. www.Linkedin.com
这里我想强调一下，www.linkedin.com 是个很好的专业人士的社交网站，它有别于
facebook。当然facebook也不错，虽然从找工作和network professionals的角度上我
不怎么推荐facebook。至于怎么用linkedin，我在下面介绍一下我的做法。
Linkedin里有三个不同层面的资源可以利用。
第一层contacts是那些你认识的人，尤其是朋友，同学。这些人，无论什么专业背景，
建议你都把他们加入你的network。俗话说在家靠父母，出门靠朋友。你朋友越多，当
然路子自然宽些，行事多少方便些。举个例子。我有个朋友找engineering工作，和我
背景不尽相同，但是由于我的network里有不少engineering公司的朋友，我就找他们帮
忙递简历，结果没多久他就得到一个onsite interview的机会。从这个层面讲，
facebook有其类似的效果。
第二层contacts是和你找的工作或背景有关的人。你可以从(A)第一层contacts的
network里发掘一下，也可以(B)用专业的关键字直接从linkedin里找。用(A)的好处在
于你能利用第一层contacts作为referral，这样，你在加第二层contacts到你的
network里就显得不怎么唐突，由于对方和你认识同一个人，就不怎么会拒绝你的邀请
。方法(B)的好处在于你的目标会比较清楚，专业背景的匹配度比较高。但这个方法的
缺点是由于没有referral，你的加入邀请会很容易被拒绝。在这里我顺便提醒一下，
linkedin里如果你不认识别人而盲目提出加入邀请，而最后如果对方拒绝的话，你的帐
户和功能会受到影响。所以，最好的办法是通过认识的人来network，如果实在没有足
够的network来加入你想加入的人，最好在向此人提出加入邀请时，在inMail或message
里讲清楚，希望对方能理解你的行为，而且即使不想接受邀请，也不要选择拒绝。只要
对方对你的邀请置之不理，你的帐户就不会受损失。
第三层contacts是专业或当地的recruiters。Linkedin里的recruiters是很容易被
locate的。他们的背景和特长往往在个人介绍里已经很清楚了。找到那些有价值的
recruiters，联系他们，让他们帮你找工作是个很有效的途径。
另外，linkedin里也会有些job opening贴出来，由于这些openings和network/
contacts融合在一起，你很容易就能发现是否有认识的人和这些openings有关。这比起
你盲目在hotjob，monster上递简历要来的有效得多。
Network讲完了，让我们开始谈谈resume。Resume的重要性不用我说了。至于resume怎
么写，Amazon或图书馆里有上成百上千的指导书、傻瓜书，有时间的话，一本本去翻翻
，3、5本之后你就是写resume的专家了。但是你如果没时间，我下面介绍的方法除了对
PhD找professor工作的人恐不适用外，其他的或许有所帮助。
首先是format。不同的地方对resume的format有不同的要求。不同的职业阶段resume
format也不尽相同。我这里推荐的format可能适合刚毕业或工作10年以内的在美国找工
作的人。参考(http://www.resume-
help.org/images/project_manager_resume_example.gif)。当然你可能不需要
Executive Summary和Core Competencies，但是显然你要加入你的Education。通常对
刚毕业的或工作不久的人来说，Education, Experience, Community Involvement,
Additional Skills (or Computer and Language Skills)是个不错的顺序。
其次是长度。对刚毕业的人来说(PhD除外)，resume最好不要超过一页纸。开始工作后
，差不多每5年工作经历可以增加半页。但是最终也不要超过两页。前不久，我有幸看
到我的director和一个更高级别manager的resume，都是两页，而第一页还放了好大一
张照片 :-)
再次是bullet。我建议你每个阶段的experience不要超过8个bullets，最好是5-6个。
最后讲一下experience 部分的遣词用句。第一，最好以动词开头，且每个bullet的动
词不要重复；第二能避免的”the”全部去掉，句尾的句号全部去掉。Resume不用十分
遵循句法；第三，每个bullet不要超过两行，且尽量包括“做什么”，“怎么做”和“
达到什么结果”。举个例子：
• Developed a spreadsheet model (怎么做) to collect and analyze
project data, evaluate P&L and estimate prognosis (做什么), reducing
operating costs by 10% (达到的结果)
当然，这个八股文三步曲并不一定适合所有的bullet，自己灵活调整，不必拘泥。
下面讲一下如何起步写resume。很多人觉得开始写resume是件很头疼的事情。我的建议
是首先把format定下来，然后就像填字游戏一样往里面填东西。姓名、地址、联系电话
、email、education等等都是硬信息，先填了再说。怎么讲，一个resume的框框总有了
，不至于让人觉得空如白纸。下面要好好想想experience。这个比较费神。最好的方法
就是身边备一个小本，一支笔。走路、吃饭或睡觉时好好想想自己曾经做过什么，有过
什么成绩。每次想到什么马上写下来作为一个bullet。等有空时，再把这些信息都
upload到你的resume里。通常这个过程长则1-2个月，短则1-2周，等到你的resume被充
得有个4-5页长的时候，你就可以开始找个安静的时间让resume瘦瘦身，把bullets按不
同历史阶段分分类，重复的bullet去掉。然后再重复上述循环，等resume又有4-5页长
时再瘦身，这次把resume里技能重复的部分都去掉。然后按我前面说的几个写resume的
标准来重写你的resume。你的第一稿resume是你的骄傲。但是写完后，放一放，丢在一
边不要再去看，一直等两、三个星期后再拿出来看。这段时间里，你可以去indeed或其
他类似网站，找到你感兴趣的工作，把job description一个个全收录在一个word文件
里，仔细阅读每个bullet并highlight所有的动词和软件名称。两、三周后，当你拿出
你的一稿再看时，如果你还认为写得好，那恭喜你，你差不多已经完成50%的resume工
作。如果你觉得还写得不好，那么把你从job description里看到的好词好句稍作变换
用到你的resume里。然后再放数周，再回来看。直到你满意为止。至此，internal的工
作稍告段落。下面你可以把你的resume给其他朋友看看，他们多少会给你提供些有价值
的看法，比如语法或句法的错误。Resume到这个阶段，基本上达到可以拿出去试试的时
候了。但是对于每个你要递resume的job opening，我还是建议你根据job description
稍作一些改动，以更符合这个opening的要求。当然，随着时间的推移，你可能也会发
现你的resume还需要这样或那样的修改。慢慢改，不用急，resume永远都没有perfect
的时候，但是你必须保证在你每次递交resume的时候，那个resume在当时是你所能提供
的最perfect的。
这里我额外给商学院的同学一个提醒，美国不少商学院的图书馆有最近两届MBA学生
resume的汇总，是公开供public参阅的，借来看看会很有帮助。我当时是把所有人的
resume都复印了，关键字一个一个找出来，然后尽量融合到我自己的resume里。这个和
从job description里找关键字异曲同工，只不过我当时还没想到用job description而
已。
对于找工作来说，resume其实是算是简单的，变数不多。但是这并不意味着你不需要多
花时间和精力。拿我来说，我的resume推倒重写不下10次。不算信息采集和整理，单单
花在写resume上应该不会少于100个工时。看这篇文章的人，相信大都学历资慧远胜于
在下，当然不需要这么多时间，但是若想仅仅几小时就能搞出一篇像样的resume，那也
是很不容易的。
说说interview。Interview的书很多，良莠不齐不说，内容重复更是浪费资源。这里我
推荐大家看一本Michael Spiropoulos写的《Interview Skills that win the
Job》。
我个人很喜欢这本书，读了好几遍，笔记也做了不少。我找工作时interview都是以这
本书的思想准备的，后来resume也根据这本书的精神作了改进，至少到目前看来，还算
成功。此外，每次interview之后最好都把当时对方问的问题和你的回答都写下来，仔
细琢磨，看看哪些准备好了，那些还有欠缺的，以备下次改进。前几日拿出我当年毕业
前在校内interview的记录，居然发现还有recruiter表情的描述 :-)
强调一下关于interview后follow up的事。不少朋友和我谈起过这个问题，很多人觉得
纯等消息最为有礼貌。这里我想劝大家一声，第一，是你找工作，不是工作找你；第二
，礼貌是有范畴的，不要无限夸大。我的建议是interview两周后如果没有任何消息，
给recruiter或曾经面试过你的其他人发信follow-up打听一下他们的决定。(在这里顺
便提一下，interview时尽量给每个面试过你的人要他们的名片，面试回来后第一时间
写感谢信。)如果还没有消息，要么直接打电话，要么再发封信告诉他们你会在哪个具
体时间给他打电话。Follow up的内容基本上应包括一下内容：
1. 你对能和他们的团队一起工作充满渴望；
2. 你对他们的行业、项目或具体工作十分感兴趣；
3. 你reliable, capable, responsible, etc.
如果不是必须的话，尽量不要提及你在interview里犯过的错误，尤其是技术上的错误
。很多错误在你看来很大，而在recruiter看来可能没那么要紧。要知道如果你的错误
已经造成伤害，发生的已经发生了。而recruiter可能面试过很多人，他恐怕早就忘记
你的错误，如果你follow up时再次强调的话，哪怕是纠正你的错误，都会给你带来负
面印象，因为原本在他印象中模糊的你或者正面的你有可能被犯过错的你所代替。
最后谈一下找工作的心态。说别急着找工作，那是安慰你。说经济不好，工作不好找，
那是骗你。工作是要人去做的，这就意味着什么时候都总是有工作机会，多少的问题。
但关键在于你是不是知道，是不是能找到机会去和别人谈一下。即便能有interview的
机会，你还不知道对方是不是真的喜欢你，你的competitor是谁，等等。所以找工作一
定要把心态放好。记住这是一个锻炼人的过程。Network没有停止的时候，这次建立的
人际关系可能并无助于这次找工作，但是下次换工作呢，谁知道你是不是需要一些老朋
友来帮忙？临时抱佛脚不是个出路。另一方面，只要没有收到confirmation，甚至我说
只要你还没有踏进办公室开始你第一天的工作，你就不能停下来歇歇。千万不要等到
interview后被拒绝了才开始找下一个，白白浪费好几周的时间。
有不少人提过找一个perfectly match的工作最重要。我不反对这种看法，但是我的经
历告诉我，我们身边恐怕根本就没有perfectly match的工作。Job description上列的
未必就是你真正去做的，而你真正找到的工作或许和你的背景略有差异但你最终发现是
你更喜欢的工作。即便真的有一份看似很match的工作，你还有可能面对一群你并不喜
欢的同事。所以，归根到底，我想说的是，不要太挑剔，要着眼于共性，而不是差异。
对于每一个机会来说，没有perfect job，只有perfect person。好好研究job
description，尽量找到和自己的背景及经历有共性的地方。记得以前有人说过“你适
应工作，而不是工作适应你。”
题外话讲一下攒人品的重要性。无论是刻意还是无意，攒人品是很重要的事情。记得我
第二份工作是由另外一个department的manager介绍的。他之所以帮我这一把，很可能
是由于我早年给他夫提供了些如何让她母亲顺利获得签证的办法。我早前可没想到我后
来会需要这个manager帮我找工作，但是不得不承认，你帮了别人，攒了人品，最后受
益的恐怕还是你自己。
附：有些关于工作许可 (work authorization)。不少人提过在公司网站递简历时会要
求选择work authorization status。这里我建议刚毕业的人，除非选项十分明确，比
如：citizen，greencard，H1B，etc. 否则不要轻易选任何对自己不利的选项。如果选
项仅仅是Authorized or not authorized，即便你还没有拿到H1B，OPT或CPT，也要选
前者，否则，你的resume连电脑系统都过不了，更别提能让HR或公司recruiter看到了
。而作为你，只要有机会和公司的recruiter面谈，你就有可能说服他你是最合适的人
选，而那个时候，work authorization就不重要了，因为由于公司真的很需要你，他们
很可能会给你办工作许可，而这之前，他们可不会告诉你说我嫌麻烦或花钱而不想给你
办H1B。
找工作是个辛苦的过程。但是一份付出终有一份回报，而好运总是和努力结伴而行。
Good luck!
Friday, November 19, 2010
Thursday, April 9, 2009
Thursday, February 12, 2009
上庭经历+所用文件
同主题阅读：我的上庭经历+所用文件
[版面： 车轮上的传奇] [首篇作者：wokaowokao] , 2009年02月10日16:00:47
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wokaowokao
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发信人: wokaowokao (GaN), 信区: Automobile
标 题: 我的上庭经历+所用文件
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Tue Feb 10 16:00:47 2009)
去年8月25号晚上,从家里去学校的路上被抓,40的路,条子说我开了54.二话不说,一张
ticket,我一看,还是我们学校的警察,nnd,下手真狠.条子是迎面开来的
然后就去法院要求上庭,初定是11月底吧,一共要去两次,前一次递交motion,第二次
trial
谁知道我把日子记错了,递交motion那次忘记去了.第二天再去,说只能重新安排时间.于
是motion递交排到1月27号,今天trial.我对本州的speedy trial不是狠了解.由于上一
次也是我的失误,没能按原有排期,所以我也不指望靠speedy trial的trick了.
1月27号,坐在大厅里面溜溜的等了几个小时,无聊透顶,自己翻看着打官司的书.老爸非
要陪着去看看,也是无聊的坐了半天.倒是前台坐着的一个貌似intern的小姑娘clerk,她
忙完自己的活,拖着腮帮百无聊赖的在prosecutor的位子上发呆,让我觉得大厅里面不再
死气沉沉...
我就随手在纸上写了几句
Smile when you facing downwards
like lily being shy in thy breeze
Snow already there for weeks
but nothing will freeze
还没写完呢,prosecutor,一个黑大妈叫我名字了.mmd,不爽啊.黑大妈企图诱惑我,说你
忍了吧,我给你写40的路超成45mph.面对黑大妈的诱惑,我的立场没有动摇.问
prosecutor要了张名片,主要是要他的地址.另外问清楚了条子部门确实是我们的校警,
不过他们也不知道officer的名字
第二天,去学校的局子,要那个条子的名字,局子里面的人不给,说你就写badge # 345就
能收到了.我说好吧,你把你们地址给我.拿了他们一个信封,回家
当晚准备了一个subpeona,让条子把雷达说明书,officer的notes,patrol车辆保养记录,
雷达校正记录,雷达维修记录复印了给我发过来.第二天跟lp一起用certified mail寄给
了prosecutor和条子.让lp签了一个service declaration的单子,证明是她投递的.记住
一定要在一周前寄出,否则条子太容易找理由不给你了
上庭之前都没收到材料,只收到局子来的一封信,说把我的信forward给prosecutor了.意
料之中,所以我今天也准备好了,看见条子就以这个理由申请延期.
准备了几天的材料,主要是熟悉法庭流程,准备cross exam问题.由于不知道警察用什么
测得速度,(问了prosecutor,他们也不知道),我主要准备的是radar和目测.我们州没有
用laser的.看了一些书,跑了几趟图书馆,查vehicle code和州的code,没啥大作用,只是
把法律搞清楚了一点.
今天下午去了法庭,坐着等,顺便看notes,准备trial时候的提问.中途以上厕所的名义,
楼上楼下溜达了一圈,发现没看到逮我的条子,心想没准这小子不来了.回楼上继续积极
备战.过了一会,一个prosecutor来找我,说条子可能度假去了,今天没来,我的案子就算
dismiss了.我反复跟他确实我没事儿了,不用交钱,可以走人后,就闪人了.出了大门,转
念一想,万一忽悠我咋办,回头进去再找到那个人,问他有没有writtern confirmation.
他说没有,给我看他们的记录,上面写了dismiss,他说回头给法官签个字就行了.我踏实
了,回家了,心想,反正我进门你们都有录像,也不怕你说我没来.
下面我把一些我整理的材料列出来,以飨后人.
雷达误差里面有一个error,很多书上没提到,或者网上没有的是cosine error.大家可以
去google.如果警车迎面来,跟你开的不是同一直线,测到的target的速度是高于真实速
度的.这主要是radar校正警车速度偏低造成的.如果警车静止,你开过来,那么测出的速
度低于真实速度.
==============================================================
PROCEDURES AT THE TRIAL
Below you'll see a listing of typical events in the order that they
will happen during your trial:
• The Bailiff calls the case.
• The defense, that's you, and the Prosecution both reply with "
Ready your Honor."
• The Prosecution will give their opening statement.
• The Defense will give their opening statement.
• The Prosecution will present their case, they will have the
police officers testimony.
• There will be cross examination by the Defense.
• There will be a re-direct by the Prosecution.
• Any physical evidence that happens to be available will be
brought to light at this time.
• Any diagrams, citations, that sort of thing, then the Prosecution
will rest.
• If you have the grounds, you will make your motion to dismiss, on
non-applicable grounds at this point in time.
• The defense case will include your witness, either you or your
passengers.
• Cross Examination by the prosecution.
• Re-Direct by the defense, and you as the defense, will rest.
=================================================================
要求寄材料的信
我的地址
Jan 28, 2009
警察地址
CC: prosecutor地址
RE: Officer with I.D. No. 345 v. ***
*** Court No. ticket号码
Dear Sir,
I am the defendant in the action of Officer with I.D. No. 345 v. Yu, No.
008512, pending before the Superior Court for the St Joseph Branch.
I seek to have the copy of following items for the discovery for the trial.
a. The citing officer’s notes if there is.
b. Any engineering and traffic survey is granted.
c. If the radar unit was used, the instruction manual stating how the radar
unit is to be operated.
d. The copy of the maintenance logbook for radar unit, which was used during
the citing case
e. The copy of the maintenance logbook for the vehicle the police officer
was driven during the citing case
It is essential to my defense that the above items be produced and sent to
my address listed above before the trial in order that I may prepare my
defence based on the solid facts. Thank you for your anticipated cooperation.
Sincerely,
=================================================================
Checklist for procecution
1. identify me as the driver
2. what road I was on
3. car plate number
4. at what speed I was cited
5. speed limit
prosecutor做testimony的时候,你要一个一个check,如果他没有提到上面因素中的一个
,等他rest case的时候,你可以提出move to dismiss
============================================================
cross exam 千万别吵架,问问题,把条子能回答的都准备到.无论他回答什么样子,我们
都有针对的后续问题等着他.就怕他不来,来了就让他头皮麻一麻
Introductory Questions: These questions are formulated to establish the
relevant facts in the case and to create a friendly atmosphere with the
ticketing officer.
1. What specific type of radar were you using when the ticket was
issued?
不能接受 "Doppler Radar" or "Moving Radar" 要准确型号
2. Would you please tell the facts of the ticket as you remember them
?
准备objection ,如果读notes的话
3. Was your audio Doppler working at the time the citation was issued
?
他不知道 audio Doppler? _______________
4. What speed was your audio warning set on?
他不知道audio warning? _______________
5. Was your automatic speed lock working?
A crucial response. If yes,抖擞精神, 否则忽略后面某些问题
6. Were you using a manual on-off switch or other radar detector
defeating mechanism in association with your radar unit?
7. Were you stationary or moving when your radar unit's alert went
off? 警报响的时候是静止还是moving
8. Was the target vehicle coming towards you or moving away from you?
9. Did you see the target vehicle before your radar unit's audio
alarm went off?
Another crucial answer. traffic history. 如果先看见,问下三个问题.否则跳过
10. Were you able to determine the target vehicle's speed from a
visual observation? 有无目测速度?
11. What was the apparent speed of the target vehicle?
目测速度___________________mph
12. About how many seconds elapsed between the time you first
observed the target vehicle and the time your audio alarm went off?目测和警
报响相隔多久
Establish the officer's qualifications: These questions are directed
towards the officer's training on the operation of the radar unit. Keep in
mind the national standard of 24 hours of classroom time followed by 16
hours of field training.
1. How many years have you been a police officer? 警察当多久了
2. How long have you operated radar units? 操作雷达多久
3. Have you received formal instruction and training in the operation of
radar?
___________________________如果有,继续
4. Under what circumstances did you receive your training?
如果只是其他警察train的,就爽了 _______________________________
5. How many hours of classroom instruction did you receive?
A crucial response. No officer generally has 14 hours of classroom. Remember
Kentucky v. Honeycutt is going to be used by the prosecution to justify the
officer having less than the 24 hours. 如果少于3-4小时,不qualify.
6. How long ago did you receive this training? 啥时候培训的
如果很久以前,可能现在操作不对,或者雷达型号不同,结案时候说
7. How many officers took this training with you? 培训时多少人
- Was the training a lecture?
- Were you seated auditorium style?
- Where were you seated?
- Did you have any other classes that day?
- Were questions allowed? Did you ask any questions? If the officer can 't
recall the particulars of his radar training class, ask how can he remember
the subject taught?
8. Who taught this classroom portion of the radar course? 谁教的
- another officer, question that officer's training credentials and ask for
the trainer's certification.
-manufacturer, you have a potentially biased source of training.
9. Since your initial training, have you had any additional radar
course work?
如果有,和7一样问细节
10. How many hours of one-on-one field training with a professional
instructor have you had in the operation of radar units?
- with another officer, again ask for that officer's training credentials.
- a factory representative,同时多少人在车上培训
- 11. Do you believe yourself to be a competent radar operator?
12. Do you hold a certification in the use of radar?
13. When was your initial training in the use of the exact radar you
used to detect my speed?
___________________知道细节否?
14. Did your training include the use of other radar units?
Establish the officer's trust in the radar unit: This is a faith check
for the officer. He likely isn't aware that you know some of the downfalls
of the particular unit involved in your case.
1. Do you believe the (所用雷达) to be a good radar unit?
2. Have you ever encountered any problems with the unit? 出过问题否,如
有,specify
3. Are you permanently assigned to one specific radar unit?
大多回答不是
4. Do you believe that there are individual differences among radar
units of the same model? Will one unit have an idiosyncrasy that another
might not have?
Likely answer is they all work alike.如果说有区别,specify之
5. Do you believe the (所用雷达) gives deceptive or false readings?
This is a crucial question. 如果说no, 引用manufacturer’s document说明radar
也可能给出错误结果
如果回答没见过,跳过问题6
6. About what percent of the time does your radar unit give these
false readings? 出错百分率
______________________________________%
7. Do you believe that you can always tell when the unit is giving a
false reading?雷达出错你能每次都知道么
可能会回答说他能,接着问
8. Is there a special number or symbol that appears on the readout to
indicate a false reading?
Of course not.
9. Does the unit give some visual indication that the reading is
questionable?
No it doesn't.
10. How, then, can you tell that the reading you are getting is false?
He will likely say that there is no target in sight or the target is clearly
not speeding. 如果说false reading只在没有target情况下出现,等于说在探测时
unit从不会出错
如果说他总能觉察,接着问 ,否则结束这页
11. Since there are no special indications of a false reading, does
that mean that all 54 mph readings aren't false?
Of course not.
12. So the false reading could be 20 mph or 70 mph?
It certainly can be.如果他不承认,他就在evade the questions or
technologically incompetent.
13. So it is possible that the radar could give a reading of say 54
mph, but you could clearly see, for example, that the target vehicle was
only going 40 mph, is that right?
14. What if the speed limit is 40 mph, and the same 54 mph false
reading shows up. Is that possible?
15. Presuming the car approaching you was going 40 mph, could you
recognize that the radar was malfunctioning?
如果他说是,继续问,否则结束本段
16. If an approaching car is traveling at 40 mph and the radar gives a
false reading of 41, could you recognize that?
Not on his best day.
17. If an approaching car is traveling at 40 mph and the radar gives
a false reading of 42, could you recognize that?
So to what specific speed you could recognize?
Audio Doppler, audio alarm and automatic speed lock: These are special
features that most radar units incorporate to make the officer's job a
little easier. Audio Doppler is on every radar unit except the Speedgun
Series. If audio Doppler is used, it will aid the officer in confirming that
the target vehicle is speeding. The common problem is that the audio
Doppler can be turned down or completely off, thereby contributing zero to
the unit's reliability. The audio alarm is a preset speed that the radar
unit will sound the alarm to let the officer know he has a fish on his line.
The only way to disenable the alarm is to dial in a very high setting such
as 99 mph. The automatic speed lock is the worst feature of any radar unit.
Once the unit reads a specific speed the unit then locks that speed in on
the display. The officer then has no way of knowing if the reading is false
or a momentary reading. This section should establish the officer's normal
operating methods.
1. Does your radar unit have an audio Doppler? That is, a continuous
audio signal tone that converts the radar unit's Doppler shift into an
audible tone?
This answer should be yes unless the radar unit is a Speedgun.如果是
Speedgun, 跳到 question 13.
2. Does the audio Doppler have a volume control?
It does.
3. Do you ever use your audio Doppler?
如果no,再问一遍,跳到13.如果yes,继续
4. About what percent of the time do you use the audio Doppler?
_______________________________%==>1-***=___________________% for 10.
5. When you operate your radar unit with the audio Doppler on, do you
operate at full volume?
Unless he can't hear at all, he should say no.
6. At what volume do you normally operate the audio Doppler?
如果声音很小,要注意了______________
7. Do you ever turn it off?
Unless he answered question 4 with none, he will likely say yes.
8. Why do you turn it off?
It is extremely annoying, any other answer is a cover up.
9. Does the audio Doppler ever interfere with your use of the police
radio or
conversation with other officers?
Of course it does. __________________________
10. So you operate your radar unit with the audio Doppler turned off
about (___________________ from question 4) percent of the time.
11. During the remaining time, how often do you operate the radar unit
with the
volume on soft?
_________________________________%
12. Do you consider the audio Doppler a valuable tool to prevent
operator errors?
如果说no,说明在我的case里他没用(confirm 之),否则让他解释
13. Is your radar unit equipped with a dial which will allow you to
select a speed above which an audio alarm will sound if a violation speed is
detected?
All radar units have this feature.
14. Let's refer to that feature as an audio alarm. Do you commonly use
this feature of the radar unit?
He has to unless he sets it so high as to never work.
15. About what percent of the time do you use the audio alarm?
如果他说 100%, then ask him how he disengages the alarm.
16. If the speed limit is 40 mph, what speed do you normally dial in
as the pre-set violation speed?
Note the speed, but this answer isn't crucial. __________________mph
17. Do you find the audio alarm to be beneficial?
He will likely say that it is sometimes useful.
18. If a violation speed causes the alarm to sound, you only need to
flip a switch to lock in that speed on the radar unit?
That's how the unit operates.
19. Does the radar unit also have a mode which will allow the unit to
automatically lock in the violation speed? 有无自动锁定?
Yes, it does.
20. Do you ever use the automatic speed lock function?
如果回答no,强调ever再问一遍.如果还说no,结束本段.否则继续
21. About what percent of the time do you use the automatic speed lock
function?
_______________________%
22. Do you find the automatic speed lock convenient?
Of course it is.
23. Do you use the automatic speed lock for any other reasons?
This should be interesting.
24. Was the use of the automatic speed lock included in your training?
答案无所谓
Determining if the officer uses a visual backup: The typical officer
has a standard pattern of testimony. This pattern normally indicates that
the officer observed the defendant's vehicle doing approximately X mph and
he then used the radar unit as a backup to his visual estimation of the
speed. This is pure fantasy since the maximum distance a highly trained
officer can make a visual identification from is approximately 500 feet. The
radar unit can make the same identification for up to 5,000 feet. As a
result, the audio alarm will sound before the officer can make the visual
identification. This section is designed to verify this fact and try to get
the officer to make a statement that will come back to haunt him later in
your presentation.
1. Are you familiar with the term "traffic history?"
You want to verify that this term refers to the continuous observation of
the traffic by an officer.
2. With regard to speeding tickets, it is normal for an officer to
observe the traffic patterns for several seconds - usually three to five -
before he sees what he believes to be a speeding violation. In other words,
three to five seconds before the radar unit sounds the audio alarm. Do you
agree with this assessment?
He will have to in order to keep up the fantasy of the radar for backup.
3. With this definition in mind, have you EVER taken a traffic history
prior to issuing a speeding citation?
He should say yes. 如果说no,跳到5
4. What percentage of the time would you say that you take a traffic
history?
应该很高.
5. Do you feel that it is important to take a traffic history in
speeding cases?
He will likely say yes. If he says no, then you have a valid argument that
he was relying solely on the radar unit.
6. At what approximate distance can you determine the exact speed of a
target vehicle? 一般500 feet,否则让他给他数字
7. When you take a traffic history and make the visual estimate of
speed, do you do so before the radar unit sounds the audio alarm? 是不是在雷
达响之前目测
-是: since the radar unit has a range of at least 1000 feet. 继续 questions
8 and 9.
-不是: 跳过8和9,到10
8. What is the approximate range of your radar unit?
如果他不知道. 给他 range of 3,000 to 5,000 feet. 如果还不知道 ask if he
would be surprised to know that the radar unit has a range of at least 3,000
feet. if he says yes he would be surprised, you just caught him in a
crucial technical question.
9. Despite knowing this range you still contend that the radar unit
does not sound the audio alarm before you are able to identify the speed of
a vehicle?
如果他敷衍说有时报警,有时不报,点出radar unit might have glitches from time
to time.如果他说no,自相矛盾
10. If the radar unit sounds the audio alarm before you have determined
that the target vehicle is speeding, how can you say that you have taken a
traffic history?
He will have to say that the alarm alerts him to the presence of a potential
speeder.
11. Do you look at the radar unit to see what the reading is?
He will likely say that he looks. if he denies looking he has to admit that
he knows the vehicle is going at least as fast as the audio alarm setting.
12. Does the fact that the audio alarm has sounded influence your
judgment as you make your visual estimate of speed? In other words, are you
more likely to agree that a target vehicle is traveling a certain speed
since the audio alarm has already acknowledged this fact?
如果不需要audio alarm辅助,为何不干脆关掉?He should agree. If he doesn't ask
him why he doesn't just run the audio alarm setting up so high that it will
never go off?
Determining knowledge of beam width and range: Remember that Kentucky v
Honeycutt will be used to show that the officer does not need to be an
expert in the field of radar. You are trying to demonstrate to the court
that the officer lacks certain basic knowledge that he should have.
1. Do you know what the normal range of your radar unit is?
Get him to give you a figure of some sort. Then give the manufacturer's data
if you have it. If not it will likely be at least 3,000 feet.
2. At a distance of 1,000 feet, how wide is the radar beam?
Again, try to pin him down to a figure of some kind. Figure a traffic lane
to be 12 feet. In reality, a 12 degree beam will measure 287 feet at a
distance of 1,000 feet while a 24 degree beam will measure 574 feet.
3. How far away from the unit will the beam travel before it covers one
lane?
Again, get a figure. The true amount is about 50 feet but most officers will
guess around 500 feet.
4. With what degree of confidence can you aim your antenna at a
specific lane of traffic at a distance of 500 feet.
The answer is no confidence at all.
5. In the stationary mode, you can operate to record traffic going away
from you or coming towards you, is that correct?
This is correct.
6. Can the radar unit distinguish between traffic directions?
It will pick up traffic in either direction.
7. In the moving mode, can the radar unit pick up traffic in both
directions?
The Speedgun 8 unit can, most all others can only pick up traffic coming
towards the
radar unit.
8. What types of things will stop the radar beam? For example, will the
radar read through bushes and tall grass?
Radar can pass through light brush
9. Can you get the speed of a vehicle around a curve or over a hill?
Not even possible. Remember, the beam travels in a straight line.
10. Will the beam bounce off a metal building or sign?
Certainly.
11. If the beam bounces off something could it pick up the speed of another
vehicle at an angle to the radar unit?.
Absolutely.
12. Can a high-voltage power line interfere with the radar beam?
Again, absolutely.
13. What about neon signs or street lights, can they cause interference?
Notice a pattern here?
Final questions: These are designed to apply the specifics of your case
against the answers the officer gave for the typical operation of the unit.
1. Could you again recall the facts of this particular citation?
2. Isn’t it true that I was driving along a straight road before you
stopped me? (我是按照直线行驶的) which way were you driving in before you
enter the west of Douglas road?从哪个方向上的douglas road?
3. Is it true that the other three entrees all have very good lightening
system, except the west of Douglas road section?
4. Were you in a stationary or moving mode at the time?
5. What is your patrol speed? Is this from the radar or from the speedometer?
_____________________________mph
7. Was the my car approaching you or traveling away from you?
8. Did you see any other traffic around the defendant's vehicle? If so, what
types and where were they located?
9. Was there any traffic moving in the same direction as you?
10. What speed was the audio alarm set for? Did you make any adjustments to
it during your shift?
11. Did you determine an estimated speed of the defendant's vehicle based on
your visual dentification? If so what was your point of reference? 后面显示
照片,很黑,看不清
12. How many seconds passed between the time you first saw the defendant and
the time your audio alarm sounded?
_______________________s
13 How many seconds passed between the time you estimated my speed and your
car bypass mine.
___________________________s
14. How far were we separate when you estimate my speed?
Does that means in __________s, we passed _____________ feet?
So the relative speed is _______feet/_______s=________feet/s=_____mph
So my speed is __________mph-your patrol speed_____=___________mph
有没有问题???
14. As for the calibration of the radar unit, at what times before and after
you wrote the defendant's citation did you use the radar unit's internal
calibration function?
15. At what times before and after you wrote the defendant's citation did
you use an external tuning fork for calibration?
16. In your opinion, what is the difference between the internal calibration
and the tuning fork calibration methods?
17. Do you feel that one calibration method is more accurate than the other?
18. Can you state how you use the tuning fork to calibrate the radar?
19. Has the radar been repaired? 问maintanence的频率
20. Do you know cosine error?
In moving mode, a cosine error can reduce the computed speed of the patrol
vehicle. So when the counting unit computes the target speed with CS-PS=TS,
the target speed will be higher than it should be. To counteract this, the
officer needs to check his speedometer against patrol speed displayed by the
radar. In MOVING mode, it is always to the disadvantage of the violator and
something you need to consider if targeted with MOVING radar.
============================================================
结案陈词(做cross exam的时候就要准备,把符合的条件在下面勾出来,这样结案成词的
时候不用慌,有个提纲)
1. police incompetent
a) 记不清case细节
b) 不了解周边环境circumastance
c) 对最基本的雷达technical data不了解, 不知道雷达的测量范围
d) training培训时间不够,不够专业, has no or litter training on the
specific radar he used in my case
e) 对雷达基本操作注意事项 unclear about the key points in operating radar
units和how to avoid error不了解
f) 很久以前培训的,现在可能operation not proper,或者radar model has
changed
g) officer can not recall the particulars of his radar training class,
how could he remember the subject taught
2. police承认雷达can give deceptive or false reading
3. audio doppler is turned down or off, which contribute zero to the unit
’s reliability
4. plice relies soly on the radar unit. No traffice history. No visual
estimate as backup.
5. 没有及时用tuning fork calibrate radar. This can result in a wrong
result.
6. Radar没有经常maintenance,可能有问题
7. Due to the curve in the road, the police officer does not have enough
time to estimate my speed.
8. The speed tested by the radar might involved cosine error, which can
be large depending on the curvature of the turn. This is very important!!!
=========================================================================
PROOF OF SERVICE
I, **********, declare:
1. I am over the age of eighteen and not a party to the within action.
2. My residence address is **************, in the county within which the
mailing herein mentioned occurred.
3. On Jan 29, 2009, I served the within Requirements for Discovery by
enclosing true copies thereof in two separate sealed envelopes, with the
postage thereon fully paid, in the United States Postal Office at 邮局地址,
and said envelopes being mailed via certified mails to the addresses:
警察地址
And
prosecutor地址
I declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the State of Indiana
that the foregoing is true and correct.
DATED: Jan 30, 2009
_____________________
___
*******
最后端正心态:我是第一次上庭,以前有张ticket,在prosecutor那里就从了,这次决定斗
争到底.我的心态是:这帮条子都折磨了我快半年了,我不求胜诉,只求给他们造成点麻烦
.他来了,我就申请延期,有之前发出的那张传票记录,延期还是问题不大的.就算不能延
期,也得问得他们不爽,至少今天晚上荷尔蒙分泌紊乱.把自己放在中国足球的位置,啥都
好办
其实时间花到了,律师能办的事儿,咱自个儿也能办.不过为了省点麻烦,各位以后开车还
是悠着点.官司缠身半年还是挺不爽的
[版面： 车轮上的传奇] [首篇作者：wokaowokao] , 2009年02月10日16:00:47
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wokaowokao
进入未名形象秀
我的博客
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发信人: wokaowokao (GaN), 信区: Automobile
标 题: 我的上庭经历+所用文件
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Tue Feb 10 16:00:47 2009)
去年8月25号晚上,从家里去学校的路上被抓,40的路,条子说我开了54.二话不说,一张
ticket,我一看,还是我们学校的警察,nnd,下手真狠.条子是迎面开来的
然后就去法院要求上庭,初定是11月底吧,一共要去两次,前一次递交motion,第二次
trial
谁知道我把日子记错了,递交motion那次忘记去了.第二天再去,说只能重新安排时间.于
是motion递交排到1月27号,今天trial.我对本州的speedy trial不是狠了解.由于上一
次也是我的失误,没能按原有排期,所以我也不指望靠speedy trial的trick了.
1月27号,坐在大厅里面溜溜的等了几个小时,无聊透顶,自己翻看着打官司的书.老爸非
要陪着去看看,也是无聊的坐了半天.倒是前台坐着的一个貌似intern的小姑娘clerk,她
忙完自己的活,拖着腮帮百无聊赖的在prosecutor的位子上发呆,让我觉得大厅里面不再
死气沉沉...
我就随手在纸上写了几句
Smile when you facing downwards
like lily being shy in thy breeze
Snow already there for weeks
but nothing will freeze
还没写完呢,prosecutor,一个黑大妈叫我名字了.mmd,不爽啊.黑大妈企图诱惑我,说你
忍了吧,我给你写40的路超成45mph.面对黑大妈的诱惑,我的立场没有动摇.问
prosecutor要了张名片,主要是要他的地址.另外问清楚了条子部门确实是我们的校警,
不过他们也不知道officer的名字
第二天,去学校的局子,要那个条子的名字,局子里面的人不给,说你就写badge # 345就
能收到了.我说好吧,你把你们地址给我.拿了他们一个信封,回家
当晚准备了一个subpeona,让条子把雷达说明书,officer的notes,patrol车辆保养记录,
雷达校正记录,雷达维修记录复印了给我发过来.第二天跟lp一起用certified mail寄给
了prosecutor和条子.让lp签了一个service declaration的单子,证明是她投递的.记住
一定要在一周前寄出,否则条子太容易找理由不给你了
上庭之前都没收到材料,只收到局子来的一封信,说把我的信forward给prosecutor了.意
料之中,所以我今天也准备好了,看见条子就以这个理由申请延期.
准备了几天的材料,主要是熟悉法庭流程,准备cross exam问题.由于不知道警察用什么
测得速度,(问了prosecutor,他们也不知道),我主要准备的是radar和目测.我们州没有
用laser的.看了一些书,跑了几趟图书馆,查vehicle code和州的code,没啥大作用,只是
把法律搞清楚了一点.
今天下午去了法庭,坐着等,顺便看notes,准备trial时候的提问.中途以上厕所的名义,
楼上楼下溜达了一圈,发现没看到逮我的条子,心想没准这小子不来了.回楼上继续积极
备战.过了一会,一个prosecutor来找我,说条子可能度假去了,今天没来,我的案子就算
dismiss了.我反复跟他确实我没事儿了,不用交钱,可以走人后,就闪人了.出了大门,转
念一想,万一忽悠我咋办,回头进去再找到那个人,问他有没有writtern confirmation.
他说没有,给我看他们的记录,上面写了dismiss,他说回头给法官签个字就行了.我踏实
了,回家了,心想,反正我进门你们都有录像,也不怕你说我没来.
下面我把一些我整理的材料列出来,以飨后人.
雷达误差里面有一个error,很多书上没提到,或者网上没有的是cosine error.大家可以
去google.如果警车迎面来,跟你开的不是同一直线,测到的target的速度是高于真实速
度的.这主要是radar校正警车速度偏低造成的.如果警车静止,你开过来,那么测出的速
度低于真实速度.
==============================================================
PROCEDURES AT THE TRIAL
Below you'll see a listing of typical events in the order that they
will happen during your trial:
• The Bailiff calls the case.
• The defense, that's you, and the Prosecution both reply with "
Ready your Honor."
• The Prosecution will give their opening statement.
• The Defense will give their opening statement.
• The Prosecution will present their case, they will have the
police officers testimony.
• There will be cross examination by the Defense.
• There will be a re-direct by the Prosecution.
• Any physical evidence that happens to be available will be
brought to light at this time.
• Any diagrams, citations, that sort of thing, then the Prosecution
will rest.
• If you have the grounds, you will make your motion to dismiss, on
non-applicable grounds at this point in time.
• The defense case will include your witness, either you or your
passengers.
• Cross Examination by the prosecution.
• Re-Direct by the defense, and you as the defense, will rest.
=================================================================
要求寄材料的信
我的地址
Jan 28, 2009
警察地址
CC: prosecutor地址
RE: Officer with I.D. No. 345 v. ***
*** Court No. ticket号码
Dear Sir,
I am the defendant in the action of Officer with I.D. No. 345 v. Yu, No.
008512, pending before the Superior Court for the St Joseph Branch.
I seek to have the copy of following items for the discovery for the trial.
a. The citing officer’s notes if there is.
b. Any engineering and traffic survey is granted.
c. If the radar unit was used, the instruction manual stating how the radar
unit is to be operated.
d. The copy of the maintenance logbook for radar unit, which was used during
the citing case
e. The copy of the maintenance logbook for the vehicle the police officer
was driven during the citing case
It is essential to my defense that the above items be produced and sent to
my address listed above before the trial in order that I may prepare my
defence based on the solid facts. Thank you for your anticipated cooperation.
Sincerely,
=================================================================
Checklist for procecution
1. identify me as the driver
2. what road I was on
3. car plate number
4. at what speed I was cited
5. speed limit
prosecutor做testimony的时候,你要一个一个check,如果他没有提到上面因素中的一个
,等他rest case的时候,你可以提出move to dismiss
============================================================
cross exam 千万别吵架,问问题,把条子能回答的都准备到.无论他回答什么样子,我们
都有针对的后续问题等着他.就怕他不来,来了就让他头皮麻一麻
Introductory Questions: These questions are formulated to establish the
relevant facts in the case and to create a friendly atmosphere with the
ticketing officer.
1. What specific type of radar were you using when the ticket was
issued?
不能接受 "Doppler Radar" or "Moving Radar" 要准确型号
2. Would you please tell the facts of the ticket as you remember them
?
准备objection ,如果读notes的话
3. Was your audio Doppler working at the time the citation was issued
?
他不知道 audio Doppler? _______________
4. What speed was your audio warning set on?
他不知道audio warning? _______________
5. Was your automatic speed lock working?
A crucial response. If yes,抖擞精神, 否则忽略后面某些问题
6. Were you using a manual on-off switch or other radar detector
defeating mechanism in association with your radar unit?
7. Were you stationary or moving when your radar unit's alert went
off? 警报响的时候是静止还是moving
8. Was the target vehicle coming towards you or moving away from you?
9. Did you see the target vehicle before your radar unit's audio
alarm went off?
Another crucial answer. traffic history. 如果先看见,问下三个问题.否则跳过
10. Were you able to determine the target vehicle's speed from a
visual observation? 有无目测速度?
11. What was the apparent speed of the target vehicle?
目测速度___________________mph
12. About how many seconds elapsed between the time you first
observed the target vehicle and the time your audio alarm went off?目测和警
报响相隔多久
Establish the officer's qualifications: These questions are directed
towards the officer's training on the operation of the radar unit. Keep in
mind the national standard of 24 hours of classroom time followed by 16
hours of field training.
1. How many years have you been a police officer? 警察当多久了
2. How long have you operated radar units? 操作雷达多久
3. Have you received formal instruction and training in the operation of
radar?
___________________________如果有,继续
4. Under what circumstances did you receive your training?
如果只是其他警察train的,就爽了 _______________________________
5. How many hours of classroom instruction did you receive?
A crucial response. No officer generally has 14 hours of classroom. Remember
Kentucky v. Honeycutt is going to be used by the prosecution to justify the
officer having less than the 24 hours. 如果少于3-4小时,不qualify.
6. How long ago did you receive this training? 啥时候培训的
如果很久以前,可能现在操作不对,或者雷达型号不同,结案时候说
7. How many officers took this training with you? 培训时多少人
- Was the training a lecture?
- Were you seated auditorium style?
- Where were you seated?
- Did you have any other classes that day?
- Were questions allowed? Did you ask any questions? If the officer can 't
recall the particulars of his radar training class, ask how can he remember
the subject taught?
8. Who taught this classroom portion of the radar course? 谁教的
- another officer, question that officer's training credentials and ask for
the trainer's certification.
-manufacturer, you have a potentially biased source of training.
9. Since your initial training, have you had any additional radar
course work?
如果有,和7一样问细节
10. How many hours of one-on-one field training with a professional
instructor have you had in the operation of radar units?
- with another officer, again ask for that officer's training credentials.
- a factory representative,同时多少人在车上培训
- 11. Do you believe yourself to be a competent radar operator?
12. Do you hold a certification in the use of radar?
13. When was your initial training in the use of the exact radar you
used to detect my speed?
___________________知道细节否?
14. Did your training include the use of other radar units?
Establish the officer's trust in the radar unit: This is a faith check
for the officer. He likely isn't aware that you know some of the downfalls
of the particular unit involved in your case.
1. Do you believe the (所用雷达) to be a good radar unit?
2. Have you ever encountered any problems with the unit? 出过问题否,如
有,specify
3. Are you permanently assigned to one specific radar unit?
大多回答不是
4. Do you believe that there are individual differences among radar
units of the same model? Will one unit have an idiosyncrasy that another
might not have?
Likely answer is they all work alike.如果说有区别,specify之
5. Do you believe the (所用雷达) gives deceptive or false readings?
This is a crucial question. 如果说no, 引用manufacturer’s document说明radar
也可能给出错误结果
如果回答没见过,跳过问题6
6. About what percent of the time does your radar unit give these
false readings? 出错百分率
______________________________________%
7. Do you believe that you can always tell when the unit is giving a
false reading?雷达出错你能每次都知道么
可能会回答说他能,接着问
8. Is there a special number or symbol that appears on the readout to
indicate a false reading?
Of course not.
9. Does the unit give some visual indication that the reading is
questionable?
No it doesn't.
10. How, then, can you tell that the reading you are getting is false?
He will likely say that there is no target in sight or the target is clearly
not speeding. 如果说false reading只在没有target情况下出现,等于说在探测时
unit从不会出错
如果说他总能觉察,接着问 ,否则结束这页
11. Since there are no special indications of a false reading, does
that mean that all 54 mph readings aren't false?
Of course not.
12. So the false reading could be 20 mph or 70 mph?
It certainly can be.如果他不承认,他就在evade the questions or
technologically incompetent.
13. So it is possible that the radar could give a reading of say 54
mph, but you could clearly see, for example, that the target vehicle was
only going 40 mph, is that right?
14. What if the speed limit is 40 mph, and the same 54 mph false
reading shows up. Is that possible?
15. Presuming the car approaching you was going 40 mph, could you
recognize that the radar was malfunctioning?
如果他说是,继续问,否则结束本段
16. If an approaching car is traveling at 40 mph and the radar gives a
false reading of 41, could you recognize that?
Not on his best day.
17. If an approaching car is traveling at 40 mph and the radar gives
a false reading of 42, could you recognize that?
So to what specific speed you could recognize?
Audio Doppler, audio alarm and automatic speed lock: These are special
features that most radar units incorporate to make the officer's job a
little easier. Audio Doppler is on every radar unit except the Speedgun
Series. If audio Doppler is used, it will aid the officer in confirming that
the target vehicle is speeding. The common problem is that the audio
Doppler can be turned down or completely off, thereby contributing zero to
the unit's reliability. The audio alarm is a preset speed that the radar
unit will sound the alarm to let the officer know he has a fish on his line.
The only way to disenable the alarm is to dial in a very high setting such
as 99 mph. The automatic speed lock is the worst feature of any radar unit.
Once the unit reads a specific speed the unit then locks that speed in on
the display. The officer then has no way of knowing if the reading is false
or a momentary reading. This section should establish the officer's normal
operating methods.
1. Does your radar unit have an audio Doppler? That is, a continuous
audio signal tone that converts the radar unit's Doppler shift into an
audible tone?
This answer should be yes unless the radar unit is a Speedgun.如果是
Speedgun, 跳到 question 13.
2. Does the audio Doppler have a volume control?
It does.
3. Do you ever use your audio Doppler?
如果no,再问一遍,跳到13.如果yes,继续
4. About what percent of the time do you use the audio Doppler?
_______________________________%==>1-***=___________________% for 10.
5. When you operate your radar unit with the audio Doppler on, do you
operate at full volume?
Unless he can't hear at all, he should say no.
6. At what volume do you normally operate the audio Doppler?
如果声音很小,要注意了______________
7. Do you ever turn it off?
Unless he answered question 4 with none, he will likely say yes.
8. Why do you turn it off?
It is extremely annoying, any other answer is a cover up.
9. Does the audio Doppler ever interfere with your use of the police
radio or
conversation with other officers?
Of course it does. __________________________
10. So you operate your radar unit with the audio Doppler turned off
about (___________________ from question 4) percent of the time.
11. During the remaining time, how often do you operate the radar unit
with the
volume on soft?
_________________________________%
12. Do you consider the audio Doppler a valuable tool to prevent
operator errors?
如果说no,说明在我的case里他没用(confirm 之),否则让他解释
13. Is your radar unit equipped with a dial which will allow you to
select a speed above which an audio alarm will sound if a violation speed is
detected?
All radar units have this feature.
14. Let's refer to that feature as an audio alarm. Do you commonly use
this feature of the radar unit?
He has to unless he sets it so high as to never work.
15. About what percent of the time do you use the audio alarm?
如果他说 100%, then ask him how he disengages the alarm.
16. If the speed limit is 40 mph, what speed do you normally dial in
as the pre-set violation speed?
Note the speed, but this answer isn't crucial. __________________mph
17. Do you find the audio alarm to be beneficial?
He will likely say that it is sometimes useful.
18. If a violation speed causes the alarm to sound, you only need to
flip a switch to lock in that speed on the radar unit?
That's how the unit operates.
19. Does the radar unit also have a mode which will allow the unit to
automatically lock in the violation speed? 有无自动锁定?
Yes, it does.
20. Do you ever use the automatic speed lock function?
如果回答no,强调ever再问一遍.如果还说no,结束本段.否则继续
21. About what percent of the time do you use the automatic speed lock
function?
_______________________%
22. Do you find the automatic speed lock convenient?
Of course it is.
23. Do you use the automatic speed lock for any other reasons?
This should be interesting.
24. Was the use of the automatic speed lock included in your training?
答案无所谓
Determining if the officer uses a visual backup: The typical officer
has a standard pattern of testimony. This pattern normally indicates that
the officer observed the defendant's vehicle doing approximately X mph and
he then used the radar unit as a backup to his visual estimation of the
speed. This is pure fantasy since the maximum distance a highly trained
officer can make a visual identification from is approximately 500 feet. The
radar unit can make the same identification for up to 5,000 feet. As a
result, the audio alarm will sound before the officer can make the visual
identification. This section is designed to verify this fact and try to get
the officer to make a statement that will come back to haunt him later in
your presentation.
1. Are you familiar with the term "traffic history?"
You want to verify that this term refers to the continuous observation of
the traffic by an officer.
2. With regard to speeding tickets, it is normal for an officer to
observe the traffic patterns for several seconds - usually three to five -
before he sees what he believes to be a speeding violation. In other words,
three to five seconds before the radar unit sounds the audio alarm. Do you
agree with this assessment?
He will have to in order to keep up the fantasy of the radar for backup.
3. With this definition in mind, have you EVER taken a traffic history
prior to issuing a speeding citation?
He should say yes. 如果说no,跳到5
4. What percentage of the time would you say that you take a traffic
history?
应该很高.
5. Do you feel that it is important to take a traffic history in
speeding cases?
He will likely say yes. If he says no, then you have a valid argument that
he was relying solely on the radar unit.
6. At what approximate distance can you determine the exact speed of a
target vehicle? 一般500 feet,否则让他给他数字
7. When you take a traffic history and make the visual estimate of
speed, do you do so before the radar unit sounds the audio alarm? 是不是在雷
达响之前目测
-是: since the radar unit has a range of at least 1000 feet. 继续 questions
8 and 9.
-不是: 跳过8和9,到10
8. What is the approximate range of your radar unit?
如果他不知道. 给他 range of 3,000 to 5,000 feet. 如果还不知道 ask if he
would be surprised to know that the radar unit has a range of at least 3,000
feet. if he says yes he would be surprised, you just caught him in a
crucial technical question.
9. Despite knowing this range you still contend that the radar unit
does not sound the audio alarm before you are able to identify the speed of
a vehicle?
如果他敷衍说有时报警,有时不报,点出radar unit might have glitches from time
to time.如果他说no,自相矛盾
10. If the radar unit sounds the audio alarm before you have determined
that the target vehicle is speeding, how can you say that you have taken a
traffic history?
He will have to say that the alarm alerts him to the presence of a potential
speeder.
11. Do you look at the radar unit to see what the reading is?
He will likely say that he looks. if he denies looking he has to admit that
he knows the vehicle is going at least as fast as the audio alarm setting.
12. Does the fact that the audio alarm has sounded influence your
judgment as you make your visual estimate of speed? In other words, are you
more likely to agree that a target vehicle is traveling a certain speed
since the audio alarm has already acknowledged this fact?
如果不需要audio alarm辅助,为何不干脆关掉?He should agree. If he doesn't ask
him why he doesn't just run the audio alarm setting up so high that it will
never go off?
Determining knowledge of beam width and range: Remember that Kentucky v
Honeycutt will be used to show that the officer does not need to be an
expert in the field of radar. You are trying to demonstrate to the court
that the officer lacks certain basic knowledge that he should have.
1. Do you know what the normal range of your radar unit is?
Get him to give you a figure of some sort. Then give the manufacturer's data
if you have it. If not it will likely be at least 3,000 feet.
2. At a distance of 1,000 feet, how wide is the radar beam?
Again, try to pin him down to a figure of some kind. Figure a traffic lane
to be 12 feet. In reality, a 12 degree beam will measure 287 feet at a
distance of 1,000 feet while a 24 degree beam will measure 574 feet.
3. How far away from the unit will the beam travel before it covers one
lane?
Again, get a figure. The true amount is about 50 feet but most officers will
guess around 500 feet.
4. With what degree of confidence can you aim your antenna at a
specific lane of traffic at a distance of 500 feet.
The answer is no confidence at all.
5. In the stationary mode, you can operate to record traffic going away
from you or coming towards you, is that correct?
This is correct.
6. Can the radar unit distinguish between traffic directions?
It will pick up traffic in either direction.
7. In the moving mode, can the radar unit pick up traffic in both
directions?
The Speedgun 8 unit can, most all others can only pick up traffic coming
towards the
radar unit.
8. What types of things will stop the radar beam? For example, will the
radar read through bushes and tall grass?
Radar can pass through light brush
9. Can you get the speed of a vehicle around a curve or over a hill?
Not even possible. Remember, the beam travels in a straight line.
10. Will the beam bounce off a metal building or sign?
Certainly.
11. If the beam bounces off something could it pick up the speed of another
vehicle at an angle to the radar unit?.
Absolutely.
12. Can a high-voltage power line interfere with the radar beam?
Again, absolutely.
13. What about neon signs or street lights, can they cause interference?
Notice a pattern here?
Final questions: These are designed to apply the specifics of your case
against the answers the officer gave for the typical operation of the unit.
1. Could you again recall the facts of this particular citation?
2. Isn’t it true that I was driving along a straight road before you
stopped me? (我是按照直线行驶的) which way were you driving in before you
enter the west of Douglas road?从哪个方向上的douglas road?
3. Is it true that the other three entrees all have very good lightening
system, except the west of Douglas road section?
4. Were you in a stationary or moving mode at the time?
5. What is your patrol speed? Is this from the radar or from the speedometer?
_____________________________mph
7. Was the my car approaching you or traveling away from you?
8. Did you see any other traffic around the defendant's vehicle? If so, what
types and where were they located?
9. Was there any traffic moving in the same direction as you?
10. What speed was the audio alarm set for? Did you make any adjustments to
it during your shift?
11. Did you determine an estimated speed of the defendant's vehicle based on
your visual dentification? If so what was your point of reference? 后面显示
照片,很黑,看不清
12. How many seconds passed between the time you first saw the defendant and
the time your audio alarm sounded?
_______________________s
13 How many seconds passed between the time you estimated my speed and your
car bypass mine.
___________________________s
14. How far were we separate when you estimate my speed?
Does that means in __________s, we passed _____________ feet?
So the relative speed is _______feet/_______s=________feet/s=_____mph
So my speed is __________mph-your patrol speed_____=___________mph
有没有问题???
14. As for the calibration of the radar unit, at what times before and after
you wrote the defendant's citation did you use the radar unit's internal
calibration function?
15. At what times before and after you wrote the defendant's citation did
you use an external tuning fork for calibration?
16. In your opinion, what is the difference between the internal calibration
and the tuning fork calibration methods?
17. Do you feel that one calibration method is more accurate than the other?
18. Can you state how you use the tuning fork to calibrate the radar?
19. Has the radar been repaired? 问maintanence的频率
20. Do you know cosine error?
In moving mode, a cosine error can reduce the computed speed of the patrol
vehicle. So when the counting unit computes the target speed with CS-PS=TS,
the target speed will be higher than it should be. To counteract this, the
officer needs to check his speedometer against patrol speed displayed by the
radar. In MOVING mode, it is always to the disadvantage of the violator and
something you need to consider if targeted with MOVING radar.
============================================================
结案陈词(做cross exam的时候就要准备,把符合的条件在下面勾出来,这样结案成词的
时候不用慌,有个提纲)
1. police incompetent
a) 记不清case细节
b) 不了解周边环境circumastance
c) 对最基本的雷达technical data不了解, 不知道雷达的测量范围
d) training培训时间不够,不够专业, has no or litter training on the
specific radar he used in my case
e) 对雷达基本操作注意事项 unclear about the key points in operating radar
units和how to avoid error不了解
f) 很久以前培训的,现在可能operation not proper,或者radar model has
changed
g) officer can not recall the particulars of his radar training class,
how could he remember the subject taught
2. police承认雷达can give deceptive or false reading
3. audio doppler is turned down or off, which contribute zero to the unit
’s reliability
4. plice relies soly on the radar unit. No traffice history. No visual
estimate as backup.
5. 没有及时用tuning fork calibrate radar. This can result in a wrong
result.
6. Radar没有经常maintenance,可能有问题
7. Due to the curve in the road, the police officer does not have enough
time to estimate my speed.
8. The speed tested by the radar might involved cosine error, which can
be large depending on the curvature of the turn. This is very important!!!
=========================================================================
PROOF OF SERVICE
I, **********, declare:
1. I am over the age of eighteen and not a party to the within action.
2. My residence address is **************, in the county within which the
mailing herein mentioned occurred.
3. On Jan 29, 2009, I served the within Requirements for Discovery by
enclosing true copies thereof in two separate sealed envelopes, with the
postage thereon fully paid, in the United States Postal Office at 邮局地址,
and said envelopes being mailed via certified mails to the addresses:
警察地址
And
prosecutor地址
I declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the State of Indiana
that the foregoing is true and correct.
DATED: Jan 30, 2009
_____________________
___
*******
最后端正心态:我是第一次上庭,以前有张ticket,在prosecutor那里就从了,这次决定斗
争到底.我的心态是:这帮条子都折磨了我快半年了,我不求胜诉,只求给他们造成点麻烦
.他来了,我就申请延期,有之前发出的那张传票记录,延期还是问题不大的.就算不能延
期,也得问得他们不爽,至少今天晚上荷尔蒙分泌紊乱.把自己放在中国足球的位置,啥都
好办
其实时间花到了,律师能办的事儿,咱自个儿也能办.不过为了省点麻烦,各位以后开车还
是悠着点.官司缠身半年还是挺不爽的
Friday, September 26, 2008
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